Edward Bernays, Father of Public Relations and Propaganda

Edward Bernays was an American business consultant who is widely regarded as having created the modern profession of public relations with his groundbreaking campaigns of the 1920s. Bernays attained clients among major corporations and became known for boosting their business by causing changes in public opinion. Advertising was already commonplace by the early 20th century. But what Bernays did with his campaigns was significantly different, as he didnt openly seek to promote a particular product the way a typical ad campaign would. Instead, when hired by a company, Bernays would set out to change the opinions of the general public, creating demand which would indirectly boost the fortunes of a particular product. Fast Facts: Edward Bernays Born: November 22, 1891 in Vienna AustriaDied: March 9, 1995 in Cambridge, MassachusettsParents: Ely Bernays and Anna FreudSpouse: Doris Fleishman (married 1922)Education: Cornell UniversityNotable Published Works: Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923),  Propaganda  (1928),  Public Relations  (1945),  The Engineering of Consent  (1955)Famous Quote: Whatever of social importance is done today, whether in politics, finance, manufacture, agriculture, charity, education, or other fields, must be done with the help of propaganda. (from his 1928 book Propaganda) Some of Bernays public relations campaigns failed, but some were so successful that he was able to create a thriving business. And, making no secret of his family relationship to Sigmund Freud—he was the nephew of the pioneering psychoanalyst—his work had the veneer of scientific respectability. Bernays was often portrayed as the father of propaganda, a title he did not mind. He maintained that propaganda was a laudable and necessary component of democratic government. Early Life Edward L. Bernays was born on November 22, 1891, in Vienna, Austria. His family emigrated to the United States a year later, and his father became a successful grain merchant on the New York commodity exchanges. His mother, Anna Freud, was the younger sister of Sigmund Freud. Bernays did not grow up in contact with Freud directly, though as a young man he did visit him. Its unclear how much Freud influenced his work in the publicity business, but Bernays was never shy about the connection and it no doubt helped him attract clients. After growing up in Manhattan, Bernays attended Cornell University. It was his fathers idea, as he believed his son would also enter the grain business and a degree from Cornells prestigious agriculture program would be helpful. Bernays was an outsider at Cornell, which was largely attended by the sons of farming families. Unhappy with the career path chosen for him, he graduated from Cornell intent on becoming a journalist. Back in Manhattan, he became the editor of a medical journal. Early Career His position at the Medical Review of Reviews led to his first foray into public relations. He heard that an actor wanted to produce a play that was controversial, as it dealt with the subject of venereal disease. Bernays offered to help and essentially turned the play into a cause, and a success, by creating what he called the Sociological Fund Committee, which enlisted notable citizens to praise the play. After that first experience, Bernays began working as a press agent and built a thriving business. During World War I he was rejected for military service due to his poor vision, but he offered his public relations services to the U.S. government. When he joined the governments Committee of Public Information, he enlisted American companies doing business overseas to distribute literature about Americas reasons for entering the war. After the end of the war, Bernays traveled to Paris as part of a government public relations team at the Paris Peace Conference. The trip went badly for Bernays, who found himself in conflict with other officials. Despite that, he came away having learned a valuable lesson, which was that wartime work changing public opinion on a grand scale could have civilian applications. Noteworthy Campaigns Following the war, Bernays continued in the public relations business, seeking out major clients. An early triumph was a project for President Calvin Coolidge, who projected a stern and humorless image. Bernays arranged for performers, including Al Jolson, to visit Coolidge at the White House. Coolidge was portrayed in the press as having fun, and weeks later he won the election of 1924. Bernays, of course, took credit for changing the publics perception of Coolidge. One of the most famous Bernays campaigns was while working for the American Tobacco Company in the late 1920s. Smoking had caught on among American women in the years following World War I, but the habit carried a stigma and only a fraction of Americans found it acceptable for women to smoke, especially in public. Bernays began by spreading the idea, through various means, that smoking was an alternative to candy and desserts and that tobacco helped people lose weight. He followed that up in 1929 with something more audacious: spreading the idea that cigarettes meant freedom. Bernays had gotten the idea from consulting with a New York psychoanalyst who happened to be a disciple of his uncle, Dr. Freud. Bernays was informed that women of the late 1920s were seeking freedom, and smoking represented that freedom. To find a way to convey that concept to the public, Bernays hit upon the stunt of having young women smoke cigarettes while strolling in the annual Easter Sunday parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Scene at 1929 Freedom Torches event arranged by Edward Bernays.   Getty Images The event was carefully organized and essentially scripted. Debutantes were recruited to be the smokers, and they were carefully positioned near particular landmarks, such as St. Patricks Cathedral. Bernays even arranged for a photographer to shoot images just in case any newspaper photographers missed the shot. The next day, the New York Times published a story on the annual Easter celebrations and a sub-headline on page one read: Group of Girls Puff at Cigarettes as a Gesture of Freedom. The article noted about a dozen young women strolled back and forth near St. Patricks Cathedral, ostentatiously smoking cigarettes. When interviewed, the women said the cigarettes were torches of freedom that were lighting the way to the day when women would smoke on the street as casually as men. The tobacco company was happy with the results, as sales to women accelerated. A wildly successful campaign was devised by Bernays for a longtime client, Procter Gamble for its Ivory Soap brand. Bernays devised a way of making children like soap by initiating soap carving contests. Children (and adults, too) were encouraged to whittle bars of Ivory and the contests became a national fad. A newspaper article in 1929 about the companys fifth annual soap sculpture contest mentioned that $1,675 in prize money was being awarded, and many contestants were adults and even professional artists. The contests continued for decades (and instructions for soap sculpture are still part of Procter Gamble promotions). Influential Author Bernays had started in public relations as a press agent for various performers, but by the 1920s he saw himself as a strategist who was elevating the entire business of public relations into a profession. He preached his theories on shaping public opinion at university lectures and also published books, including Crystallizing Public Opinion (1923) and Propaganda (1928). He later wrote memoirs of his career. His books were influential, and generations of public relations professionals have referred to them. Bernays, however, came in for criticism. He was denounced by the magazine Editor and Publisher as the young Machiavelli of our time, and he was often criticized for operating in deceptive ways. Legacy Bernays has been widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of public relations, and many of his techniques have become commonplace. For instance, the Bernays practice of forming interest groups to advocate for something is reflected daily in the commentators on cable television who represent interest groups and think tanks that seem to exist to confer respectability. Often speaking out in retirement, Bernays, who lived to the age of 103 and died in 1995, was often critical of those who seemed to be his heirs. He told the New York Times, in an interview conducted in honor of his 100th birthday, that any dope, any nitwit, any idiot, can call him or herself a public relations practitioner. However, he said he would be happy to be called the father of public relations when the field is taken seriously, like law or architecture. Sources: Edward L. Bernays. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2004, pp. 211-212. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Bernays, Edward L. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson, et al., vol. 4: 1994-1996, Charles Scribners Sons, 2001, pp. 32-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Enron Was One Of The Largest Electricity And Natural Gas

Enron was one of the largest electricity and natural gas companies in the world located in Houston, Texas. On December 2nd 2001, Enron filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy when it was found by the SEC that they were misstating their income and their equity value fell below what their balance sheet had stated. The stock of the company was once selling around $90 per share and had a net worth of $70 billion dollars. At one point, the company stood as the 6th largest energy company in their world known for their innovativeness and is now known as one of the largest accounting scandals in history. The major contributors to the scandal was Ken Lay, the CEO and chairman or Enron and Jeffery Skilling, the CEO and president of Enron at the time of the†¦show more content†¦Shim’s notes). They can also be defined as basic principles or notions of appropriate human demeanor. Dr. Shim’s notes also state they are accepted standards of good behavior that govern the conduct of an individual or a profession, which is the complete opposite of how Enron behaved. Enron failed to follow the code of ethics when they misstated their income and chose not to provide their earnings on their financial statements. The Institute of Management Accountants created a code of ethics that include: competence, confidentiality, integrity, credibility and resolution of ethical conflict which provide clear and concise standards that should be met in the work place (Dr. Shim’s notes). It was made evident that in the case of the Enron scandal, they have failed to abide by this cod e. Competence is to perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and technical standards. It also should provide decisions that support information and recommendations that are accurate, clear, concise and timely. They fell guilty of breaking this standard by not producing clear and accurate reports which in turn lead to laws and regulations being broken. Enron was guilty of misstating their income and not including their earnings on their financial statements. Confidentiality is keeping information confidential except when disclosure is authorized or legally required. ItShow MoreRelatedEnron Corporation : A Foundation Of Fraud, Corruption, Greed, And Immorality1547 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Enron Scandal December 31, 2001 will forever be etched in history as the day that one of the biggest white collar scandals came to an end. Electric and natural gas giant Enron was found to have been defrauding its investors out of billions of dollars in order to increase its stock prices, and fatten the pockets of high executives particularly Chairman and CEO Kenneth Lay, President and COO Jeffrey Skilling, and CFO Andrew Fastow. 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Political Correctness and Racism Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Political Correctness and Racism. Answer: Political correctness is a term that is used to elaborate on the avoiding of such language or any action that will insult people who belong to the marginalized class. It also means refraining from such language that will insult a race or a gender (Paris, 2017). This essay will discuss at length how the words in a language have wider association with ideas and concepts. Language is used as a tool to derogate others and make them feel inferior. The word nigger is considered the most offensive racial slang in the words of the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Currently it is used rarely because of its racist implications in the wider society. The word nigger has become a taboo and is considered a very obscene word in English language. At one point of time, it had a neutral connotation that was used by whites. The racist form that is contemporary consists of same sequence phonetically as the previous form nigger and the present form is homographic. The second variant nigga exists in the community of African American and this word is different phonologically due to its ending which is pronounced as nigga. The word nigger is considered derogative as it refers to the slavish form (Winkelman, 2017). The word nigger refers to a dangerous animal that makes us go back to the early age when the Africans were viewed with derision. The African American community wants to ban the word nigga altogether. Much effort has been made in orde r to erase the word nigga from the dictionary of the African Americans. It is still used and is used mainly as a self-reference term. There is a lot of confusion regarding why they continue to use the term irrespective of the fact that it still continues to have negative implications associated with it. Terms like brother and sister can easily be used as an alternative but it does not have epithetic quality that is associated with the word nigger (Bible.ca, 2017). The whites do not have such explicit terms by which they refer to themselves. The word nigga has associations with the concept of survival and they were active recipients of diaspora experience. It involves taking a stance and then a person would be evaluated and placed in the social structure based on its connotations. There can be a positive or negative association coming with it. The word may perform an illocutionary function that that can either show approval and is a form of self-empowerment. Political correctness in the current decade has been blamed from issues ranging from helping terrorist to spoiling the Oscars. Miranda Devine has criticized Australian Year Award as a joke that is politically correct. According to Devine, an award should reflect a great nation however it has become an arena of social engineering with inclinations of the leftist party. An essential feature of Australian politics is their informal way of talking and direct mannerisms. One has to be extremely careful while using pejorative terms like Islam and ISIS (Smh.com.au, 2017). Political correctness is a major issue of contention that started from 1990s which mainly came out of the conservative quarters. According to them, the leftists control what other people say. Term like witch that is used for women is now held to be offensive. Women have right to do work without inviting any kind of ridicule from their male counterpart. Language is not just comprised of inconsequential letters (David, 2014) . The words in a particular language have sinister associations and a joke that is harmless to a person can be a cause of acute mental agony for other people. Words are packed with meaning and the way they have been used has wider meaning beyond its surface structure. Focus on protest and understanding rhetorical mechanisms will utterly help in facing the problem of double standardness (Hughey Daniels 2013). Political correctness refers to manipulating language that is aimed at changing manner of speech, feeling, acting and thinking. There is an ingrained psychological urge to consider ones group in a superior position. Human beings have a tendency of fitting in and this is what gives rise to the issue of manipulation of language to serve their own purpose. Emotions have to be controlled to a great extent so that ones language does not harm the sentiments and feelings of others (Ajsic McGroarty, 2015). It can hence be concluded that ones language is indicative of ones opinions and it is replete with deeper significance beyond its apparent meaning (Magnani 2016). Words have also the stamping of political parties and in the wider sphere, it is indicative of superiority, inferiority and contempt. It reveals how words have meaning beyond its surface and have deeper significance in the context of social structure, class and gender. References: Ajsic, A., McGroarty, M. (2015). Mapping language ideologies.Research methods in language policy and planning: A practical guide, 181-192. Bible.ca. (2017).Matthew 11:28-30 - Come Unto Me.Bible.ca. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.bible.ca/ef/expository-matthew-11-28-30(2).htm David, M. K. (2014). Language, power and manipulation: The use of rhetoric in maintaining political influence.Frontiers of Language and Teaching,5(1), 164-170. Hughey, M. W., Daniels, J. (2013). Racist comments at online news sites: a methodological dilemma for discourse analysis.Media, Culture Society,35(3), 332-347. Magnani, L. (2016). Political Correctness between Wise Stoicism and Violent Hypocrisy.Philosophies,1(3), 261-274. Paris, D. C. (2017). Political Correctness. Smh.com.au, J. (2017).Political correctness a great term to dismiss issues that become too hard or inconvenient.The Sydney Morning Herald. Winkelman, J. W. (2017). Discursive Responses to Black Lives Matter: White Fragility, Political Correctness, and Respectability Politics.

Impact of Union Within the GMFC Corporate - Click For Solution

Question: Describe about the Essay for Impact of Union Within the GMFC Corporate. Answer: Introduction Labor relation and the concept of unionization are two important aspects for the development of the organization. Labor is the most crucial part of the organization, which guarantees the improvisation of organizational objectives. This report is providing the impact of Unionization in GMFC Corporate. GMFC Corporate is facing many problems due to various labor issues within their company. The organization has decided to develop a strategic HR plan for preventing this unionization of the manufacturing plants. GMFC Corporate is situated in Smalls Ville, KY. The organization has the intention to build up a nonunion plant with 400 employees within it. The strategic plan is comprised of the following issues: staffing of employees in nonunion manner, establishment of wage and nonwage policies for the nonunion line employees and the recommendations for the other nonunion and other employee relation initiatives. Strategic HR plans for plant management Staffing of the non-line employees The staffing of the HR professionals is considered as the top critical function within the role of Human Resource Management. The labor issues rose within the organization due to lack of recruitment programs and skilled staffs within the organization. Therefore, GMFC Corporate takes the decisions of staffing of non-line employees. The major benefits from nonunion companies are the low cost involved in pay and benefits. Therefore, the GMFC Corporation is wishing to establish their new branch free from union (Bryson et al., 2013). The first step for establishing this kind of system is to design a staffing system where there will be no union. These would require the following steps to be introduced by the organization within it: A caring attitude towards the employees: There are so many giant companies those who focus on the behavior of the organization towards their employees (Bamberger et al., 2014). The GMFC Corporate should establish some loyalty program for their employees to maintain a good bonding with them. It is the responsibility of the top management of the GMFC Corporate to add innovative programs and events, which will motivate their employees and make them, realize that they are equally important and valuable for their company as their top management team (Cristiani Peir, 2015). These aspects will not only satisfy all the needs of their employees but also it will make them feel comfortable within the organization. Considered surroundings: There are several situational factors, which are important for developing an effective personnel program. This will be providing the encouraging climate to the employees of the organization (Bryson et al., 2013). These factors involves sensitive work culture, emotional bonding among each other of the employees and plant structure etc. GMFC should consider two main factors for establishing their nonunion branch in Smalls Ville: area of the plant, careful attitude towards the traditionally union work (Dobbins Dundon, 2014). If the place selected for the new branch provides influences for the labor union practices then it will help the growth of the labor union. On the other hand, GMFC Corporate should put more focus on their sensitive work culture. This idea is to bring the organizing drive less likely. If the employees of the GMFC corporate work sensitively within the organization then need for the union will be demolished automatically, as the employees will be busy with their work and the management will be providing them facilities according to their work (Kaufman, 2013). Employment security: Most of the organizations like to reduce their number of workers for the security reasons about their future employment. GMFC Corporate should also focus on this part. In this aspect the company should their employees important facilities according to their needs. The satisfaction of the employees leads to the comfortable climate within the organization (Kaufman, 2014). The worker will feel more secure within the organization and will not leave the organization for any reason. Employee dissatisfaction is another reason for the growth of the union within the organization. So, this aspect will help the entrepreneurs for building up a union free branch. Figure 1: Staffing of the non-line employees (Source: McCarthy, 2014, pp- 300) Establishment of the wage and nonwage policies for the nonunion line employees The labors are facing the problems regarding improper distribution of wages. They are receiving low wages and even they are not receiving the wages on time. Therefore, GMFC Corporate takes the strategic HR plan to implement new wages and non-wage policies within their business (Cristiani Peiro, 2015). There are several wage and nonwage policies for developing the nonunion line employees. These policies are individually discussed as follows: Wage policies Salary and career growth opportunities: This policy can provide the employee rewards for their dedication in their work field. If the GMFC Corporation provides the monetary rewards to their employees, not only the dedication of the employee will increase but also the chances of formation of union will be reduced (LeRoy, 2014). Next the career growth opportunities are most of the time attractive to the employees, as everyone wants to develop themselves within a specific time span. In-range salary increase: This perspective is utilized to make the employee more responsible in his work field (McCarthy, 2014). The increased salary not only assures the employee a bright future but also it ensures his increased responsibility towards GMFC Corporate. Annual performance and salary review: Staff members of the organization are allowed to have merit increase annually (Bryson et al., 2013). The increase of the salary of the member is dependent on the previous year performance of the employee accordingly with the tough situations within GMFC Corporate (McCarthy 2014). This aspect also makes the employees more responsible towards their work. Impartiality and Market based salary adjustments: It is the duty of the management to adjust the inequality of distribution of the salary within every department (Bamberger et al., 2014). The equity should be maintained within each department of the GMFC Corporate to have satisfied employees within the organization. Figure 2: Wage policies (Source: LeRoy, 2014, pp- 33) Nonwage policies The nonwage policies are described as follows: Developmental increase: Developmental increase is considered for the developmental perspective of those employees, who are continuously improving themselves in their work field. GMFC Corporate should recognize the employees who are giving their best effort to their company and provide them rewards (Rauch Hatak, 2016). Promotional increase: GMFC Corporate can reduce the union formation within the organization by utilizing promotional increase for the employees (Dobbins Dundon, 2014). There may be two types of promotional events available within the organization: promotion based on the market and the promotion based on the contribution level of the employees. Incentive programs: GMFC Corporate can increase dedication of the employees by introducing the incentive programs among the employees (Roche Teague, 2014). This aspect will make the employee ready to do extra amount of work for their organization, which in terms increase the capability of the organization. Performance appraisal: GMFC Corporate needs to develop their structure for performance appraisal of their employees. The employees find their personal benefit in this policy, which make them more responsible at their work (Tuckman Snook, 2014). This aspect kept he head more effective towards their subordinates and the subordinates are also become focused in their work. Figure 3: Nonwage Policies (Source: Rauch Hatak, 2016, pp- 500) Recommendations of other nonunion, preventative, and other employee relation initiatives The recommendations for the other employee relation initiatives are as follows: Proper training: The supervisory management should be reminded of the providence for training to their employees in repetitive manner. The GMFC Corporate should train and provide proper education to their managers who will guide their employee according to the needs of the organization and demands of their customers. This aspect will create a union free atmosphere as there will be no unsatisfied demands of the employees with GMFC Corporate. Union prevention can be done only by the good management efforts. Employees only get their benefits from the trained higher authority. This trained higher authority provides the employees proper guidance to do their job properly. Review and adjust policy: There are several aspects which should be handled by the organizational head. GMFC Corporate should establish a system with proper organizational heads, which will recognize the situations and policies that must be renewed and revised by time to time. These policies needed to be renewed by each year or in a monthly basis as the needs are changed accordingly the organizational demands or customer demands. Compensations and benefits; Compensations and benefits are very essential for the development of the organizational culture. These aspects encourage the employees to find more interest in the job field. Unaddressed employee accusations are the main cause behind the union formation within the organization. GMFC should put ore focus in this aspect to prevent this kind of influences within the organization. Maintenance of destructive argument resolution system: Most of the time the campaigns related to the prevention of union formation within the organization utilizes the resolution systems for preventing destructive argument. Survey of employees: The employees of GMFC Corporate should respond to the yearly survey for making the authority understand about their conditions and problems they are facing within the organization. This aspect will prevent the formation of union. Recruitment of skillful organizational head: Skillful organizational heads can supply proper skills and guidance to the employees of the GMFC Corporate. Understandings of the labor laws are very important as these reflect their influences on the issue of union formation. Supervisory guidelines are important for the development of the organization. Conclusion This report is explaining the impact of union within the GMFC Corporate. The strategic plan for establishing nonunion environment within the organization is described with the recommendations for improving the situations of the employees with GMFC Corporate. Several implications of the non-union set up within the organization are discussed with their affect in GMFC Corporate. There are nonwage and wage policies which are discussed for utilizing the nonunion facilities within the organization. References Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014).Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Bryson, A., Willman, P., Gomez, R., Kretschmer, T. (2013). The Comparative Advantage of Non Union Voice in Britain, 19802004.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,52(s1), 194-220. Cristiani, A., Peir, J. M. (2015). Human resource function strategic role and trade unions: exploring their impact on human resource management practices in Uruguayan firms.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(3), 381-400. Dobbins, T., Dundon, T. (2014). 21 Non-union employee representation.Handbook of Research on Employee Voice: Elgar original reference, 342. Kaufman, B. E. (2013). Keeping the commitment model in the air during turbulent times: employee involvement at Delta Air Lines.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,52(s1), 343-377. Kaufman, B. E. (2014). 18. The origins, evolution, and current status of human resource management in the United States.The Development of Human Resource Management Across Nations: Unity and Diversity, 461. LeRoy, M. H. (2014). 13 What Do NLRB Cases Reveal about Non-Union Employee Representation Groups?.Voice and Involvement at Work: Experience with Non-Union Representation,33, 366. McCarthy, M. A. (2014). Turning Labor into Capital: Pension Funds and the Corporate Control of Finance.Politics Society, 0032329214547351. McCarthy, M. J. (2014). Neoliberalism without neoliberals: Evidence from the rise of 401 (k) retirement plans.MPIfG Discussion Papers, pp-100-400. Rauch, A., Hatak, I. (2016). A meta-analysis of different HR-enhancing practices and performance of small and medium sized firms.Journal of business venturing,31(5), 485-504. Roche, W. K., Teague, P. (2014). Successful but unappealing: Fifteen years of workplace partnership in Ireland.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(6), 781-794. Tuckman, A., Snook, J. (2014). Between consultation and collective bargaining? The changing role of non union employee representatives: a case study from the finance sector.Industrial Relations Journal,45(1), 77-97.

All About Ellipses

All About Ellipses All About Ellipses All About Ellipses By Mark Nichol Three dots. Dot, dot, dot. What could be simpler? Then why do those dots make so many writers dotty? The rules for use of ellipses are not as simple as they seem. But they are manageable. First, a definition: An ellipsis (from the Greek word elleipsis also the source of ellipse, meaning â€Å"an oval† is an elision of words that can be implied to mentally complete a statement; it can also mean â€Å"a sudden change of subject.† But the meaning we seek is another one, the grammatically mechanical one: Ellipsis and its plural form, ellipses, also refer to the punctuation marks signaling elision. (That word, from the Latin term elidere, means â€Å"omission.†) Despite the second meaning of ellipsis mentioned above â€Å"a sudden change of subject† ellipses are not recommended for this function. Ellipses signal, in addition to elision, a faltering or trailing off (in which case they are sometimes called suspension points), but to prepare the reader for an abrupt break or interruption in thought, use an em dash. The primary function of an ellipsis is to omit one or more inconsequential words from a quotation, as in this version of a sentence from above: â€Å"Despite the second meaning of ellipsis mentioned above, . . . ellipses are not recommended for this function.† (Note that punctuation, like the comma in this example, may be retained or introduced to aid comprehension.) Each dot is preceded and followed by a letter space. Word-processing programs have a single-character ellipsis, but this character, or three dots with no letter spaces, looks cramped and ugly; use the period key. Ellipses should not be introduced at the beginning or end of a quotation; however, if the source material includes ellipses in one or both locations, retain the characters. If an entire sentence is elided, four periods should be inserted between the framing sentences. The first, which immediately follows the last word of the preceding sentence, is the period ending that sentence. The other three, spaced as mentioned above, constitute the ellipsis. Note this example: â€Å"Three dots. . . . What could be simpler?† If a final portion of a sentence is elided, follow the ellipsis with a period after a letter space. The same technique is applied in the case of a comma or a semicolon. This elision of the preceding sentence illustrates: â€Å"If a final portion of a sentence is elided, follow the ellipsis with a period . . . . The same technique is applied in the case of a comma or a semicolon.† If an entire paragraph is elided, end the previous paragraph with an ellipsis following the period ending the final sentence; if, within a multiparagraph quotation, the beginning of a paragraph other than the first one is elided, begin the paragraph starting with the elision with an indented ellipsis. The two four-dot examples above illustrate the only two cases in which more than three dots should appear in sequence; an ellipsis always consists of three dots, but it may be preceded or followed by a period. A sequence of four or more dots otherwise appearing together is considered an unprofessional-looking error and should be avoided by any serious writer. An ellipsis may also be employed when a sentence is deliberately incomplete: â€Å"Hamlet’s ‘To be or not to be . . .’ speech† (though this could also be rendered without ellipsis) or â€Å"If I were you . . . ,† when the missing words are not considered necessary to aid in communicating meaning. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?Confusing "Passed" with "Past"8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Free Essays on Youth And Crime

What is the "super predator"? He or she is a young hyper criminal who is committing acts of violence of unprecedented coldness and brutality. This newest phenomena in the world of crime is perhaps the most dangerous challenge facing society and law enforcement ever. While psychopaths are not new, this breed of super criminal exceeds the scope of psychopathic behavior. They are younger, more brutal, and completely unafraid of the law. While current research on the super predator is scarce, I will attempt to give an indication as to the reasons a child could become just such a monster. Violent teenage criminals are increasingly vicious. John DiIulio, Professor of Politics and Public Affairs at Princeton University, says, "The difference between the juvenile criminals of the 1950s and those of the 1970s and early 1980s was the difference between the Sharks and the Jets of West Side Story and the Bloods and the Crips. It is not inconceivable that the demographic surge of the next ten years will bring with it young criminals who make the bloods and the Crips look tame."(John DiIulio, 1997) They are what Professor DiIulio and others call urban "super predators"; young people, often from broken homes or so-called dysfunctional families, who commit murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping, and other violent acts. These emotionally damaged young people often are the products of sexual or physical abuse. They live in an aimless and violent present; have no sense of the past and no hope for the future; they commit unspeakably brutal crimes against other people, often to gratify wh atever urges or desires drive them at the moment and their utter lack of remorse is shocking. (John P. Walters, 1997) Studies reveal that the major cause of violent crime is not poverty but family breakdown - specifically, the absence of a father in the household. Today, right now, one-fourth of all the children in the United States are living in fatherless h... Free Essays on Youth And Crime Free Essays on Youth And Crime What is the "super predator"? He or she is a young hyper criminal who is committing acts of violence of unprecedented coldness and brutality. This newest phenomena in the world of crime is perhaps the most dangerous challenge facing society and law enforcement ever. While psychopaths are not new, this breed of super criminal exceeds the scope of psychopathic behavior. They are younger, more brutal, and completely unafraid of the law. While current research on the super predator is scarce, I will attempt to give an indication as to the reasons a child could become just such a monster. Violent teenage criminals are increasingly vicious. John DiIulio, Professor of Politics and Public Affairs at Princeton University, says, "The difference between the juvenile criminals of the 1950s and those of the 1970s and early 1980s was the difference between the Sharks and the Jets of West Side Story and the Bloods and the Crips. It is not inconceivable that the demographic surge of the next ten years will bring with it young criminals who make the bloods and the Crips look tame."(John DiIulio, 1997) They are what Professor DiIulio and others call urban "super predators"; young people, often from broken homes or so-called dysfunctional families, who commit murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping, and other violent acts. These emotionally damaged young people often are the products of sexual or physical abuse. They live in an aimless and violent present; have no sense of the past and no hope for the future; they commit unspeakably brutal crimes against other people, often to gratify wh atever urges or desires drive them at the moment and their utter lack of remorse is shocking. (John P. Walters, 1997) Studies reveal that the major cause of violent crime is not poverty but family breakdown - specifically, the absence of a father in the household. Today, right now, one-fourth of all the children in the United States are living in fatherless h...

Willa Cather Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Willa Cather - Research Paper Example This isolation deprives him the sound of his violin, understanding of his son and keeps him away from his homeland. This deprivation makes Peter feel that suicide is the only solution to his desperation (Willa Cather 11). In Cather’s story, Peter was an immigrant from Bohemia who had settled with his wife and son Anton in Nebraska. Peter was one time a second violist in a Prague theatre, which makes him unable to forget the good days he had at the theatre. He recalled how he used to wear a coat every evening and always had enough alcohol to drink. Later, while still working as a violinist, his bowing arm became partially disabled due to stroke paralysis. This made him quit his job and migrated to America. Peter had a strong believe that he would find a better world to stay. In America, he shared with other European emigrants, and it reached a time when he realized that the barren plains of Nebraska had a different story to tell. In America, he became feckless and was unable to support his own living because of rejecting hard labor. He also became separated from his son (Willa Cather 12). His son Anton represented the second generation of American immigrants. He regarded America as home place, but his father, Peter regarded it as hostile land. Peter’s son was forced to work by material success and forced his father to sell his violin. On the other hand, the story portrayed Peter as a more romantic person, which made him unsuitable to the actuality of the silent plains where there were no great emotions. To Peter, the violin helped remember his life in Bohemian by recalling on the feelings and memories he had while performing on stage. Despite the fact that Peter could not play the violin anymore, he still reflected on the touch he once experienced and the beauty of playing the violin. Peter’s hunger for playing the violin was further amplified when he listened to music, which reminded him of what he experienced daily (Willa Cather 14). While , in Nebraska, Peter’s urge for real experience changed into greed. After his final unsuccessful effort to play the violin he committed suicide. However, before he shot himself, he destroyed his violin to prevent his son Anton from selling the violin. When committing suicide Peter still believed that the world of the unattainable was still within his reach and by committing suicide he would preserve the joy he found in playing the violin. The story points out that Peter had died many times while in the Prague theatre, but his death in Nebraska was the irreversible one. However, the story provides further evidence that suggested that Peter just accepted his defeat (Willa Cather 17). Ardessa by Willa Cather The short story Ardessa by Willa Cather was published in 1918. It narrates of a woman; Ardessa, who worked for The Outcry, which was a weekly magazine. The story describes Ardessa as who was not young, and her looks were not beautiful. She is also described as a woman who ha d good manners and was insinuatingly feminine. Her employer was an immigrant from the west who had engaged in several contradictory issues before becoming the proprietor and editor of the weekly magazine. The employer came into New York and bought a highly respectable publication and made it magazine of protest that was in high demand. The

Analysis of the Benchmark for External Auditors Assignment

Analysis of the Benchmark for External Auditors - Assignment Example Without exception, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by his or her own interests. For, Auditing Standards mandate that external auditors must accept an audit engagement if they feel that their self-interests affect their independence. Independence means not only independence in fact but also go hand in hand with independence through appearance. The Auditing Standards on independence rule states that the auditor must not have any material self-interest in the clients. An auditor has self-interest if the auditor, the auditor's spouse, and children own a share of stock or two in the audit client. The Companies Act of 1948 is the legal framework for external auditors to follow in terms of independence (Power 1997, 17). Clearly, many auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self -interests. Likewise, it is mandatory that all external auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self - review. The auditor is required under all audit situations to consider if self -review will affect his independence. The auditor must not continue with the auditor sign as an external auditor if he or she believes that self-review will infringe on the auditor's independence. Clearly, it is mandatory that all external auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self - review. Further, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by advocacy. The auditor's membership in a group will have a strong impression that the auditor is not being independent in terms of auditing a client. The Code of Ethics for external auditors commands that the external auditor must not have his membership in an organization affect the independence of the auditors. The auditors must be independent in fact and in appearance. For any sign that tinges on decreasing the independence of the external auditor would signal that the external auditor should immediately withdraw from the engagement. Definitely, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by advocacy. Furthermore, all external auditors must not permit their independence to be affected by familiarity. It is a fact that many external auditors can easily finish their audit assignments for many of their former audit clients. The auditors will just focus on accounts that seem doubtful or where the internal control is weak because they had already issued an unqualified opinion on the prior financial statement.  Ã‚  

The Gay and Lesbian Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Gay and Lesbian Movement - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that politically, the gays and lesbians have been given a chance to lead other groups of people as they have been elected in some of the elections were carried out in the United States. These people have been elected as state legislators and as congressmen, and thus they have been able to get into high positions in the country. There are also communities which help in ensuring that the gays and lesbians needs are met. There has also been an establishment of businesses that helps in the making sure that the needs of these people are met and they live well and satisfied. The gays and lesbians have made a mainstream on the media such as television, in the music industry, and have also appeared in films which every other member of the society watches (Rimmerman 2). However, society does not consider gays and lesbians to be vital, and some of the public issues which the society may need to address are not addressed by the peop le who are in this movement. For example, the gays and lesbians are not allowed to carry out some activities such as adopting children, teaching in the public schools, and also taking care of foster children and serving in the public arena such as in the armed forces and as guards. During the early times, the gays and lesbians believed that they would progress if only they involved themselves in the media and had a connection with the public. Therefore, they would protest and fight for their rights and involved in political activities in order to ensure that they get attention from the other members of the public, and thus they believed they would get to progress in all their undertakings as the movement was being established. They did all that they did in order to ensure that they no longer hid from the public, and nether would they be afraid of getting to the public with their status. They would not live in silence any longer and thus would ensure that they have become visible and everyone else knows of their existence (Rimmerman 84). The issue of gay and lesbian movement has been controversial to the social life of the community. This means that there are factors which have to be considered in ensuring that the message of the existence of the movement is received well by the social community. Conflicts exist between the rights of the Christians and the rights of the gays and lesbians (Rimmerman 122). The Christian community in the United States is said to be composed of people who are anti-gay, and thus the two movements cannot come together either socially nor politically to bring out a notion of power. Differences between gay and lesbian, on one hand, and queer, on the other Gays and Lesbians are those people who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex. This means that a man may be sexually attracted to another man or a woman may be sexually attracted to another woman. On the other hand, the word queer explains an individual who is attracted to a nother individual of the same sex, but it does not have to be sexual attraction. Queers can be bisexual meaning that they are not content with the type of relationship that they involve themselves in.  

Phonological Neighborhood Size on Verbal Short-term Memory

Phonological Neighborhood Size on Verbal Short-term Memory NG LI JIA For several decades, researchers tried to understand the dynamics of short-term memory in speech processing and word recall. However, data were contradictory due to different lines of inquiry using varying methodologies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of word recall and short-term memory remains an elusive, but not an impossible task. It is important to pinpoint how short-term memory and long-term memory interact so that light can be shed on illnesses which can affect speech articulation (Caplan, Michaud, Hufford, 2013). Current research focused on neighborhood size effect on the serial recall of words. Neighborhood size refers to the number of phonologically-similar words on a list that is serially recalled. Many experiments have shown that word recall was worse using lists with many phonologically similar words, i.e. words with a large neighborhood size. Roodenrys (2009) concluded the efficacy of word recall was more affected by large neighborhood size and frequency due to phonological similarities. However, when Roodenrys replicated Goh Pisonis (2003) experiments using words that were not neighbors on the same list, no effects were found for either large or small populations. The following experiment utilize lists where neighbors are present in set but not on same lists. It will also utilize lists where neighbors are present in list but not present in set. Therefore, hypothesized that serial recall will be more significantly than small neighborhood sizes as opposed to large neighborhood sizes where words are present in list but not in same set. In addition, it is hypothesized that significant effects will be noted by small neighborhood sizes on serial word recall when no neighbors appear in the set. Examination of past experimental methodologies is in order to determine where errors were made and how to navigate the best approach to prove or disprove the aforementioned hypotheses. Jalbert, Neath Suprenant (2011) showed that word length and concurrent articulation negated neighborhood size effects in mixed lists. Concurrent articulation is defined as when a word that is to be recalled is spoken or articulated almost simultaneously, adding a so-called cognitive load as well as noise to the to-be-remembered items (Jalbert et al., 2011). This study demonstrated that small neighborhood size was affected very little by concurrent articulation. The studys design was marred by the fact that such small sample was used. That is, only ten subjects were tested small number from which to collect meaningful data. Furthermore, it stands to reason that studies should use subjects who have similar educational backgrounds and/or similar ages, thereby eliminating confound. Older people may show quicker decay time when shown a word, thus slowing down process of redintegration. However, recalling longer words from larger neighborhood sizes, higher-educated people would be more familiar with lists and/or sets of words of longer lengths. In this study, English was native language of the subjects. However, they failed to mention whether subjects had proficiency in second language, a skill which could help recalled CVC (consonant-verb-consonant) words, or even with longer nonsense words. Example, if a subject was shown the nonsense word geto, subject may use secondary language to recall similar word gato which, in Spanish, means cat, or homonyms such as paro (a nonsense word) and pero, meaning but in Spanish, assisting in a different mechanism of recall other than a phonological loop. Goh and Pisoni (2008) used 56 subjects of roughly the same age and educational level in the first experiment of their study, thus potentially eliminating age and educational level variability and gathered more data from the subjects. Goh and Pisoni (2008) also considered short-term memory span (STM) and measured this variable accordingly, using the nine-digit span. The researchers found that all subjects scored about the same. However, this studys aim to measure lexical competition based on frequency and density of neighborhood sizes. They found that lexical competition among item-specific information for easy versus hard words in non-repeated lists was performed mainly in long-term memory (LTM) (Goh and Pisoni, 2008). The researchers assumed LTM and STM are static entities and they are not in flux. Moreover, their definitions of experimental effects fit STM versus LTM are ambiguous. The abovementioned researchers did not use nonsense words in their experiments, which would have served as a significant variable for determining boundaries of LTM and STM, because nonsense words are less frequent in large populations. Nonsense words would help eliminate lexical density in neighborhood populations and further define process of redintegration, i.e. how words decay into STM traces are somehow retrieved and reconstructed. Roodenrys et al. (2002) conducted similar study using 24 Australian subjects, all of them native English speakers. Roodenrys et al.s (2002) contradicted other findings that found speech perception in lexical properties playing a role in redintegration of words. Rather, these experiments pointed squarely to phonological processing rather than speech perception. While the design and methodology were sound, researchers failed to account for cultural. The results of all four experiments revealed a counterintuitive result, i.e. effects of neighborhood frequency had little impact on word recall. Roodenrys (2002) stressed that most of the word recall effects in their experiments were mediated by speech-production mechanisms. Researchers especially Roodenrys contended lexical memory equates with LTM. However, their line of reasoning is unsound. It seems the time elapsed between seeing a word and its recall should constitute one definition of how STM of word lists and intrusion errors across sets could delineate the boundary between STM and LTM. Another consideration, is the effect of pattern recognition on recall accuracy as well as the potential effect on LTM. Furthermore, there may not be a universal wiring schematic for individual. Finally, many of these questions will be investigated in this experiment and variables will be held constant to accurately calculate the effect of independent variable(s), and conclusive data will be collected to prove or disprove hypotheses that predict significant effects of small neighborhood sizes when no neighborhood words are on list but in a set and predicting significant effects of small neighborhood sizes (as opposed to large neighborhood sizes) when no neighborhood words appear in the set. References Caplan, D., Michaud, J., Hufford, R., (2013). Short Term Memory, Working Memory, and Syntactic Comprehension in Aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 30(2). doi: 10.1080/02643294.2013.803958. Goh, W. D., Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Effects of lexical competition on immediate memory span for spoken words. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56A, 929-954. Jalbert, A., Neath, I. Suprenant, A.M. (2011). Does length or neighbourhood size cause the word length effect. Memory Cognition, 39, 1198-1210. Roodenrys, S., Hulme, C., Lethbridge, A., Hinton, M., Nimmo, L.M., (2002). Word-Frequency and Phonological-Neighborhood Effects on Verbal Short-Term Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 28(6): 1019- 1034. Roodenrys, S., (2009). Explaining Phonological Neighbourhood Effects in Short-Term Memory. Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences. Retrieved from http://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/1693/

Racism in the Criminal Justice System Essay -- Police Corruption 2014

Racism in police treatment of minorities has created great disparities in incarceration amongst the races. Blatant cases of racist law enforcement that are covered in the  news are a testament to the fact that racism within police departments exists from coast to coast. However, these are only the cases that people find out about; there are countless other cases of police racism and brutality that are not reported. A series of reports that have been published in the last few years have shown that young black men are being incarcerated at a rate far greater than their number in the overall population. In the fall of 1995, Vincent Schiraldi, executive director of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice in San Francisco, released a study that found that nationally 33% of the black men in their 20~s were under the control of the criminal justice system in some way, shape or form. This shows an increase from 1991, when 25% of the black men nationwide ages 20 to 29 were incarcerated, on probation, or on parole (Butterfield 1996). Schiraldi, attributed the higher incarceration rates for black men to tougher punishment for the use of crack cocaine than for other drugs; harsh new sentencing laws; the prison construction boom; and poverty, lack of good jobs and poor education in inner cities. We will address how tougher punishments have resulted in worse treatment for minorities in the criminal justice system. The tougher punishment for the use of crack cocaine, which is prevalent in minority neighborhoods, and the harsh new sentencing laws are a result of a new, stringent brand of law enforcement in which officers are trying to arrest as many people as possible. Unfortunately, as a result of this new brand of law enforcement, minoriti... ...ws. 12 August 2012., late ed.: Al. Butterfield, Fox. "Study finds a disparity injustice for blacks."  NewYork Times. 13 Feb. 2013, late ed.: A8. Fazlolloh, Mark. "From Prison, Ex-Cops Call Offenses Routine.  Philadelphia Inquirer. 12 May 2012, late ed.: Al. "Fighting Police Abuse: A Community Action Manual."  American Civil Liberties Union  Online. 9 May May 2014. Orseno, Brian. "The DWB Phenomenon."  American Civil Liberties Union. News Updates. 23 April 2013. Online. 7 May May 2014. Rose, Veronica. "The ACLU Fights Back Against Police Profiling On A National Level."  The ACLU Northern California. 14 January 2013. Online. 8 May May 2014. Slobodzian, Joseph A. "City Officers Indicted on Corruption Charges." Philadelphia Inquirer. 1 Mar. 2011, late ed.: Al. "Victims of Mandatory Minimums." Families Against Mandatory Minimums. Online. 17 May May 2014.

Reasons for Iraq War

Reasons for Iraq war There are many reasons for the cause of the Iraq war. The Iraq war took place in the early 2000’s. Many people died and it was a very brutal war. The Iraq war has many reasons to why it started; weapons of mass destruction, terrorism and nationalism. Those are the main reasons for what happened in the early 2000s known as the Iraq war. In March 2003, the people of the United States and its allies around the world launched an attack in the Middle East on the country of Iraq.The United States believed that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This included but is not limited to chemical, biological, nuclear and explosive weapons that could be used to kill numbers of people. Not only did the US need to prevent Hussein from using these weapons but also needed to insure the weapons and technology would not be passed on to terrorist groups. The main purpose of this invasion was to remove the countries brutal a d dangerous dictator, Suddam Hussein.Th e roots of struggles in Iraq dated back hundreds of years and many historical events compiled together to create the rising tensions between the world and Iraq. In response, the United Nations formed a coalition (a temporary union between multiple counties to achieve a common goal) to over throw Suddam Hussein. Arab members of the coalition like Saudia Arabia and Egypt did not support a total invasion on Iraq. Suddam Hussein continued to defy the UN insurmountable pressure to disarm the Iraq begins to take place and has a devastating effect on the people of Iraq. Because of suddam Hussein brutal repression of his people, the US and its coalition allies establish no fly zones. These prevented Iraq from flying aircraft over northern and southern areas of the country. US fighter jets patrolled the no fly zones Suddams military from attacking, thus protecting people â€Å" (pg 189) Blix) Iraq’s struggle to break away from its ruler, king Hussein created a divide amongst its peop le. Iraq’s struggle for nationalism created a divide amongst its people.

Secular Work in the Religious Market

Secular Work in the Religious Market Do you believe that religious magazines such as Catholic Digest, Mature Years Magazine and Parenting Teens only want religious material? Think again. Believe it or not, many religious magazines downplay theology, leaving that to theologians. Many religious magazines want general-interest articles that appeal to both the churched and unchurched. For example, a recent issue of Todays Christian Woman had an article titled â€Å"A Worn-Out Womans Guide to Good Sleep,† while Jewish magazine Tikkun publishes literary fiction and poetry. This means lots of opportunities for freelancers. Here are five tips to crack religious markets with secular material: 1. First, find magazines that you enjoy reading and study the content. Writing for religious markets involves the same process as writing for secular markets. Just like what you do with secular publications such as Time, Wired, and, yes, The Christian Science Monitor, study the themes and style of the articles in religious magazines. Some magazines are conservative, some are liberal. Just like you wouldnt submit social-justice pieces to Mature Living Magazine, you wouldnt submit travel pieces to Sojourners Magazine. 2. Submit either unusual or evergreen material. In addition to attracting nonbelievers, religious magazines want to entertain. So submit material that only you can create, or submit evergreen materials on health, family and holiday traditions. For example, I cracked a Catholic family magazine 3. Keep it family friendly. Submit unusual material, but dont forget that religious magazines, both conservative and liberal, have their limits. For example, a how-to on having a Fifty Shades of Grey type of relationship will definitely get rejected. Religious magazines prefer subjects that are appropriate for both adults and children. 4. Let the pastor, rabbi or imam talk about God. While religious magazines steer clear of explicit sexual content, they also reject journalistic work thats too parochial. In other words, dont sprinkle your work with religious jargon. Most religious magazines want to attract both believers and nonbelievers, so they steer clear of work that may offend non-religious sensibilities. For example, magazines like Guideposts have wholesome themes, but go lightly on using words like God and the Bible. Read your potential publication to get a feel for their particular style. 5. Prepare to wait a short time . . . or a long time. Depending on the circulation of the magazine, and its popularity among professional and non-professional writers, waiting for a response may take days, weeks or months. Read submission guidelines to get an idea of how long editors hold your query or submission. Here are five religious markets currently seeking writers. Call the magazine or Google-search to find out the name of managing editor. Todays Christian Woman todayschristianwoman.com/help/writers-guidelines/todays-christian-woman-writers-guidelines.html Childrens Ministry Magazine group.com/customer-support/submissions America http://americamagazine.org/contact/submissions Insight Magazine insightmagazine.org/guidelines/ Tikkun tikkun.org/nextgen/submission-guidelines

Medical Advancements and Society essays

Medical Advancements and Society essays From your perspective, what have been the most important developments during the past twenty years that have improved the quality of life for our society and for other societies in the world? In a society dominated by supermodels and teen sensations, looks mean everything. No longer are individuals satisfied with their current and natural physique, they are always striving for perfection. Hollywoods pursuit for the perfect look, shows us one way in which medical advancements have changed the quality of human life. This new 21st century medical technology offers many everyday citizens new alternatives for living. Lasix surgery can instantly restore perfect vision and eliminate the need for glasses or contacts. Cosmetic surgery now offers men and women to fix any facial blemish and obtain that perfect look. New advances in plastic surgery procedures provide the chance for overweight individuals to trim down to that ideal weight. But more important than face-lifts and liposuction techniques, societys recent medical advancements provide individuals treatment and cures for many previously untreatable diseases. Many new medical procedures are now performed with fiber optics technology and can eliminate painful surgery techniques. Untreatable diseases are now becoming treatable and are increase the longevity of lives. Numerous types of cancer are being now treated successfully with the help of chemotherapy. And AIDS and HIV patients are now using the drug, ATZ, to treat and reduce infected T-cells. Recent advancements have even replicated and produced the first synthetic heart. From cosmetic surgery to organ transplants, modern medical advancements have revolutionized the quality and longevity of lives. Doctors are now able to cure many previously incurable diseases and even provide their patients with that perfect, ideal look. Truly, modern medical advancements have created a whole new world....

CNN Center in Atlanta Georgia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CNN Center in Atlanta Georgia - Essay Example The CNN Center is not alone in this character, being surrounded by the Centennial Olympic Park, Georgia World Congress Center, Georgia Dome, Philips Arena, SciTrek, the Civic Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Fox Theatre making Atlanta a destination for tourists and ideal for holding international conferences. The Downtown Atlanta, now a neighbor hood full of life where the CNN Center is located, was once a crime-ridden locality frequented as a workspace during the day, but a place where even the local populace feared to tread after the dark. Jon Waterhouse in his article â€Å"Pufnstuf and Witchiepoo, too† tells us the story of ‘The Omni International Complex’ which was setup in 1972 by Maurice Alpert and Tom Cousins of Alpert Investment Corp and Cousins Properties respectively, to economically boost this area, with shops, multi-screen movie theatre, restaurants and boutiques and an ice-skating rink in its atrium to attract people along with the usual official spaces. In 1976 an indoor amusement park named â€Å"The World of Sid Marty Krofft† to further the same purpose, which failed however and the park shut down only six months from its opening. Accounting for the failure of such an innovative venture, Executive Vice President of the Omni International, Sal De Pace declared â€Å"†¦ the whole Omni complex itself was eight years before its time, instead of opening in 1976, we should've opened in 1984 or '85†. It may be said that an intervention to change the situation of such a locality could not have been successful alone and without timely support from the government. Later however similar endeavors were successful and the locality was transformed into the recreational and commercial hub of the city. The total no of residents grew from 2 million to 4 million between 1980 and 2000 The New Georgia Encyclopedia gives us an interesting account of the historical changes that sh aped Atlanta’s economy and its image today. The changing demographics of Atlanta between 1980 and 2000 have influenced its development in many ways. The city experienced a growth of 2 million people, which was accompanied by a boost in the commercial and corporate sectors. As the economy developed political leaders were able to enliven the ‘Atlanta Spirit’ in the citizens which helped them heighten their ideals for the future of the city. This period experienced an explosion in the economy relating to the tourism and convention industries in the city. Cafe’s, bars and shopping complexes were promoted, sport facilities created, existing corporate sector started opening up to public providing entertainment Coca-Cola museum and the CNN center studio tour. In the context with the progression of Atlanta, the downtown opened up its spaces for expanding all that could help put Atlanta out there with the other big cities of the world. Atlanta ranked 3rd in Convent ion business in 1972, with more than 3 million people attending conventions here, which was assisted by the expansion of centers like Civic Center, Georgia World Congress Center and Merchandise and Apparel Mart and resulted in the promotion of local high end business like CNN. These activities together with administrative measures turned the downtown area from a crime-ridden and gloomy part of the city to a hustling bustling and attractive city center which is now a business and tourist magnet. It was in the late 1980’

Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Testing - Research Paper Example Test methods include, but are not restricted to, the process of using an application or program with the aim of finding software errors, bugs or other defects (Humble & Farley, 2010). Testing begins the same time as the system design. Test groundwork is carried out by a unique group to make sure that each and every element is correctly handled. Unit test is managed by the programmer who creates the code. Every programmer tests their own code. Any bug found is rectified by the programmer, and the programs are reevaluated till clean (Humble & Farley, 2010). When testing has been done to all the programs, and no error has been found, the test begins. The division of debugging from testing was originally introduced, in 1979, by Glenford Myers (Ammann & Offutt, 2008). Even if, his goal was on breakage testing ("an effective test is one that locates a bug") it demonstrates the need of the software engineering society to divide fundamental development actions, such as repairing, from that o f authentication. Concerning the periods and the diverse objectives in software testing, diverse roles have been set: manager, test lead, test designer, test analyst, tester, test administrator and automation developer. Ammann & Offutt (2008) classified the goals and phases in software testing in the following stages: Debugging oriented (1956) Demonstration oriented (1957–1978) Destruction oriented (1979–1982) Evaluation oriented (1983–1987) Prevention oriented (1988–2000) How Testing is Controlled Test control can be considered as the test management tasks needed throughout the test procedure so as to keep the testing aligned to the software development procedure, the requirements of the project, and the requirements of the firm wanting to use the software (Miller, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2004). These tasks take place as stipulated, based on the decision of the test manager, as well as other associates of the project team, and can also occur on a premeditated basis (Miller, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2004). Testing is controlled by ensuring that Software Quality Control is set up. Software Quality Control refers to a set of protocols used by companies to make sure that a software product will fulfill its quality objectives at the best value to the client, and frequently to improve the firm’s capacity to produce more software products in the future. Software quality controls are specified requirements, both functional and non-functional, such as supportability, usability and performance (Cangussu, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2002). It also refers to the capacity for software to perform effectively in unpredictable scenarios and maintain a fairly low fault rate. These premeditated procedures and requirements bring about the idea of software testing, Validation and Verification It is different from software quality assurance, which incorporates reviews of the quality management system alongside a standard. While software quality control refers to contr ol or management of products, software quality assurance, on the other hand, is a control of processes. This function checks whether or not a software project follows its premeditated procedures and processes, and that the project brings out the anticipated internal and external products (output) (Miller, DeCarlo & Mathur, 2004). Managing Creativity When managing creativity with regards to software management, it is vital to differentiate two main viewpoints: activity-level (or task-level) analysis, as well as process-level analysis. The activity-level viewpoint pertains to the issues of how pockets of creativity are typified and how they can be endorsed (Sommerville, 2006). The process-level

How Increase in Fuel Prices are Effecting the Airline Industry Essay

How Increase in Fuel Prices are Effecting the Airline Industry - Essay Example This paper illustrates that since the fuel cost is one of the major costs incurred by the airlines therefore, the continuous increase in the fuel prices for the last years has been very threatening for all airlines. The major impact of increase in fuel prices is reflected in the increasing operating expenses and operating losses of airlines. Even the airlines which have been able to survive during this turmoil through their aggressive hedging options could not make targeted revenues. The rise in fuel prices has not only influenced the airlines individually but it has also influenced the entire world airline industry. According to International Air Transport Association, the profits of airlines will reduce with the rise in oil prices. The net profit of airline industry will be $8.6 billion in 2011 as compared to $16 billion in 2010. Moreover, if the unrest situation in Libya and Middle East persists then oil prices will further increase which will negatively influence the airline indu stry. At individual level, all airlines have been incurring huge losses for the last few years. The United States Passenger Airlines Industry faced a total operating loss of $4.3 billion in first three quarters of year 2008. According to the report of Government Accountability Office, the price of jet fuel was the major operating expense in 2008 and the major contributor of loss in 2008. The fuel costs were 25 percent of the total expense of the airlines in the first three quarters of 2007 however, in the first three quarters of 2008, the fuel costs became 32 percent of the total expense. In the third quarter of 2008, when fuel prices increased by 60 percent as compared to 2007, seven smaller airlines stopped their operations and many entered into bankruptcy. Today, the rise in fuel prices is continuously harming the operations of airlines around the world. Air India, the national carrier of India is facing a loss of Rs. 600 crore a month. The monthly income of the airline is Rs. 1, 100 crore whereas; the expense of airline was Rs. 1,700 crore and the increase in fuel prices was the major factor for this loss. According to Bob Herbst of AirlineFinancial, if the fuel prices remain at $105 per barrel in 2011 then the major eight airlines of the United States will have to pay more than $9 billion on fuel costs as compared to 2010. Moreover, these airlines will have to improve their revenues to breakeven to avoid any operating loss. On the other hand, a few airlines are also reporting the profits despite the high fuel costs. Korean Air reported a net profit of $29 million in second quarter of 2011 as compared to a huge loss during the same period in 2010. The airline claims that despite the high fuel prices, the airline has been able to make profits in the second quarter of 2011. Interestingly, the increase in fuel prices has also provided significant benefits to few airlines like Southwest Airlines. Southwest Airlines had the advantage over its competitors because of its hedged fuel prices. The company had hedged 70 percent of its fuel consumption at $51 per barrel when other airlines were paying $135 per barrel. However, the airline will ultimately go under the impact of high fuel prices because in 2012, the airline will be having only 15 percent of its total fuel purchases at $63 per barrel.

Student Essay Example for Free

Student Essay Art is one of many ways of communication. Art is used to express feelings or to deliver a message to a viewer. It is also used to leave a record of things that happened during the time the artwork was created. Ancient artwork usually talks about religious practices, spiritual beliefs or even their dependence on nature for survival whereas 21st century street artwork are usually personal opinions on something such as politics, action done by someone or new law. It also contains the artist’s feeling of the time the artwork was created. Every street artists of the 21st century has different styles whereas ancient artists used similar (close to same) styles. Creative Purpose†¦. Fig. 1, Elderly Woman, Street Art London, 2011 Fig. 1, Elderly Woman, Street Art London, 2011 The ancient artworks, in this case, ancient Egyptian art, were used to keep record of achievements, spiritual beliefs and spiritual practices. Most of the spiritual practices were practices of mummifying dead bodies, believing that the soul from the dead body will go to either heaven or hell. Ancient Egyptians believed in afterlife quite heavily. Most of the ancient Egyptian kings (Pharaohs) were mummified due to this belief. Furthermore, many of the ancient Egyptian artworks have Gods in them. There are Gods for certain things such as God of the Sun and God of Death. However, the 21st century street art is more of expressing the artist’s feelings and commenting on certain things such as politics. For example, there is a famous street artist who lives in Paris, France, who has a nickname called ‘C215’ (real name is Christian Guemy). His artworks usually have people involved in them. However, his artworks are not just about normal people but people like beggars, elderly people, refugees and street kids because he is ‘obsessed’ with making an artwork of them, artwork of people who grew up in streets and lived in streets. He said, â€Å"I paint mostly tramps, refugees and street kids, people who really live the experience of the street and to whom the  street art  is almost never intended. † Visual Character†¦. Fig. 2, Ancient Egyptian Art, Tutt’ Art, 2011 Fig. 2, Ancient Egyptian Art, Tutt’ Art, 2011 Ancient Egyptian artworks often have people and Gods with appearances with human in them. The people in the ancient Egyptian artworks have their arms and shoulders positioned facing the front while their faces are facing the side, along with their legs and hips. The artworks of ancient Egypt are very symbolic. They have many meanings in the artwork, especially when it talks about spiritual practices and beliefs. Sometimes, they also have writings around or in the artwork. It probably could be understood by many other cultures except for those cultures wit completely different beliefs. However, street arts are understood by nearly everyone in the world as they have similar beliefs and religions. When it Fig. 3, Smiling Refugee, Street Art London, 2011 Fig. 3, Smiling Refugee, Street Art London, 2011 comes to personal comments on politics, it may be hard for some people to understand. The 21st century street artworks are very stylized, having different themes and styles for every street artists, except for those street artists who only leave their names or nicknames on walls. Theses can be seen as mess on the wall because it has no meaning in it. A street artist called ‘C215’ has very colourful style. This artist is told to be realistic but stylized. C215 describes the facial expressions of the main characters in his artworks very precisely to deliver a hidden message behind the art piece. As shown Fig. 4, Street Kid, Street Art London, 2011. Fig. 4, Street Kid, Street Art London, 2011. in figure one, three and four, he describes the facial expressions of elderly woman, refugee and a ‘street kid’ very precisely. Also, famous street artists often leave their special ‘logo’ somewhere in the artwork. For instance in figure four, a ‘logo’ for C215 can be seen next to the face. Medium and Technique†¦. Most of the common ancient Egyptian artworks were painted with paints made of mixed pigments with gum, which were the basic colours. Before papyrus leaves were used as papers, the paintings were often done on walls, which were sometimes carved in. These kinds of techniques were used in ancient Egyptian times because the actual paints and paintbrushes weren’t properly developed. Today, many kinds of tools and styles can be used. For example, C215 usually used stencils to paint on street walls. He makes a background on the wall either free hand or painted using stencils, and then puts his main character in the background. He either uses spray paints or paints and paintbrushes, but mostly, spray paints. It shows his personal style and it helps him to paint precise parts of painting such as facial expressions. Personal Response†¦. I think that every kind of art has one thing common in them; the artist’s feeling and expression of the time he/she created the artwork. If there is a slight difference between ancient Egyptian art and the 21st century street art, I have go to say that the artworks from ancient Egypt do not have sense of depth and they were all dull whereas 21st century street art has wide range of colours being used and vibrant. Most people will find street art more attractive than ancient Egyptian art as street art has different styles and they are very vibrant. Conclusion†¦. To sum up, ancient Egyptian art has many meanings for spiritual beliefs and practices. It was very symbolic as it represented human by its body parts, so the head is facing the side, shoulders and arms are facing the front and shoulders and arms are facing the side. It is mostly painted with basic colours that are made of mixed pigments and gum. On the other hand, graffiti is more like expressing a personal opinion on certain thing. It has many themes and styles along with many choices of colours. Almost everyone can understand street art. Furthermore there are many ways to paint for street art and one of many ways is stencils and paints.

Compare Sonnet 130 by Shakespeare and the Glasgow Sonnet by Essay

Compare Sonnet 130 by Shakespeare and the Glasgow Sonnet by Edwin Morgan. Poetry has many forms and styles of which it can be written and emphasised in. A sonnet is one of these forms. They mainly consist of fourteen lines, but can be set out in two different ways. One of two styles of sonnet is Elizabethan. William Shakespeare is an example of a poet and writer of this time period, and possible one of the most recognised for his work. William Shakespeare wrote an astounding 144 sonnets within his life time. The majority of these sonnets were mainly based upon love or insincere compliments. The Elizabethan sonnets are usually of the lyrical in content and differ in structure. This indefinably differs from the modern style of sonnet that we are use to. This is because the Elizabethan poem contains three stanzas of four lines and it finishes off with a rhyming couplet at the end. The structure of the modern sonnet is a complete anomaly compared with the Elizabethan sonnets. This is because they have two stanzas, the first consisting of eight lines and the second consisting of six lines, they are called the octave and the sestet. The sestet is the conclusion of a modern sonnet which contains a message whereas the Elizabethan’s message is held within the couplet. The modern sonnets usually hold a meaning of poverty and desolation within it and the tones vary extensively, although a sense of fundamental contentment is established with the rigidity of the form. The imagery used in Sonnet 130 is that of always comparing the woman in which Shakespeare is talking about to natural beauty. Shakespeare is very strange and different in the way he describes his mistress in this sonnet. This is because of ... ...et is trying to get across to the people out there willing to listen. He feels that people have been ignoring these situations and the problems have become increasingly worse. The content of this poem has given a paradoxical look and it is all a part of social realism. I feel that Sonnet 130 is very effective in the way Shakespeare puts his opinion across about his partner. The humour of the sonnet brings a more appealing feel to it. Although the problem with the sonnet is that message isn’t clear to see straight away, you have to look at the sonnet in more depth to see what message Shakespeare is trying to get across. The Glasgow Sonnet has a very serious message to it and the way the writer uses metaphors and similes to describe the area that people have to suffer living in, is very effective and makes the reader think about the realities of life.

Free Essay on Romanticism and Intuition in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: free essay writer

The Scarlet Letter: Romanticism and Intuition During the romanticism period, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the novel, The Scarlet Letter, which used the romanticist idea of deep intuition and inner feelings, allowing the characters to have insight of the plots and secrets hidden in the strict Puritan community that they lived in. Throughout the novel many of the characters have this intuition, making the book more alluring to readers when trying to figure out what each character really knows. At the beginning of the novel, we are shown Pearl's natural child-like instincts for the Preacher, who is actually her father. When Pearl was first a baby, Hester and she were shamed on the scaffold while Reverend Dimmesdale, her father, preached to the awed crowd of the deep sin committed by Hester. Pearl reached out for him, "and held up its little arms," (pg. 68) as if reaching for her father. In another instance, they were all discussing Pearl at the Governor’s house and Pearl, totally out of her independent character, went over to Dimmesdale and "taking his hand in the grasp of both her own, laid her cheek against it." (pg. 118) That was really unlike Pearl, who was a "wild and flighty little elf," (pg. 118) that didn't display affection like that. Both of these bonding experiences occurred while she was younger and neither time caused speculation by the townspeople in general.. Not only Pearl, but Mr. Chillingworth, Hester's husband, had the intuition of knowing, rather sensing that Dimmesdale was the father. It was never told to him by anyone, or even speculated that the preacher was the sinner, but he could sense it anyway and knew he had to become close to Dimmesdale to figure him out. He also knew, not as a doctor, but as an evil man, that when Mr. Dimmesdale grabbed at his chest it was caused by something greater than an illness, it was caused by something Chillingworth knew how to provoke. The most amazing of his intuitions, would be at the end of the novel when he was already aware of Hester and Dimmesdale's plans to leave with Pearl on a ship to England. The mariner first informed Hester of his plans when explaining to her "that this physician here- Chillingworth, he calls himself- is minded to try my [the mariner's] cabin-fare with you [Hester].

Enron Scandal Essay

Accounting scandals are political or business scandals which arise with the disclosure of financial misdeeds by trusted executives of corporations or governments. These days, not too often, these scandals are splashed as headlines across media. Why? Because there are complex groups of stakeholders who might be seriously affected by the scandals. Enron scam was the most remarkable scandal in 20 centuries by their institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned accounting fraud. The scandal also brought into question the accounting practices and activities of many corporations in the United States. The scandal also affected the greater business world by causing the dissolution of the Arthur Andersen accounting company. This report will reveal the whole story of Enron scam and auditors role from the situation in more depth. It will also include the current situation of those responsible for the fraud. 2. Background of U. S in 1990s The 1990s of U. S were a time of prosperity and this prosperity period is originated from growth in IT corporates and in accordance with increase in productivity as technology develops with IT. In the mid- to late-90s, society’s expectations of what the Internet could offer were unrealistic. Many investors foolishly ignored the fundamental rules of investing in the stock market and instead, investors and entrepreneurs became preoccupied with new ideas that were not yet proven to have market potential. Furthermore, they ignored the blatant signs that the bubble was about to burst. (IT Bubble in 90s) There are two main reasons for the bubble; with investors` optimistic expectation, there were a lot of ‘Window dressing’ in accounting. As Enron collapsed, the growth of the tech sector proved to be illusory, and bubble started to sober. 3. Enron- who are they? Enron Corporation is an energy trading, communications company which was formed in 1985 based in Houston, Texas. Enron marketed electricity and natural gas, delivered energy and other physical commodities. Company branched into many non-energy-related fields as well, including such areas as high-speed Internet bandwidth, and financial and risk management with 21,000 employees at mid-2001. The company reported revenues of $101 billion in 2000. It has stakes in nearly 30,000 miles of gas pipeline, owns or has access to a 15,000mile fiber optic network and has a stake in electricity generating operations around the world. 4. Enron- what they did? The Enron fraud case is extremely complex. There are several main characters who are spearheading the Enron scam. One of them was Jeff Skillng. Jeff Skillng, who was a consultant in Mckinsey, took charge in consulting Enron. He found problems and also potentiality of Enron and he proposed the idea of â€Å"gas bank† to Enron, which is a system that is combining financial system and gas supply and demand system, and taking the margin from the two system(as bank does). This was an ideal idea in theory and Enron asked him to take charge for this business, and later he became the president of Enron’s trading operations. Also, he convinced federal regulators to permit Enron to use an accounting method known as â€Å"mark to market. † Using this method allowed Enron to count projected earnings from long-term energy contracts as current income. This was money that might not be collected for many years. It is thought that this technique was used to inflate revenue numbers by manipulating projections for future revenue. The problem is that it doesn`t match realised profit and real cash flow. especially, Enron`s main trading was long term future contract which is hard to make valuation for the future. Use of these techniques made it difficult to see how Enron was really making money. The numbers were on the books so the stock prices remained high, but Enron wasn’t paying high taxes. When the telecom industry suffered its first downturn, Enron suffered as well. Eventually, the house of cards began falling. When Enron’s stock began to decline, the Raptors began to decline as well. On August 14, 2001, Enron’s CEO, Jeff Skilling, resigned due to â€Å"family issues. † Enron chairman Ken Lay stepped in as CEO. 5. One example of fraud Enron`s â€Å"too much Off-Balance Sheet Transactions† Enron used â€Å"off-balance-sheet†technique for anytime, for many purposes, because it would enable Enron to present itself more attractively as measured by the ratios favored by analysts and investors. Skillng used securitisation to supply more liquidity and also to clean up the assets that is hardly generating income from it. He also hided most of the debt by securitisation. So, Enron needed Special purpose entities(SPE) for the securitization purpose. JEDI was one of the SPE. California PERS and Enron invested by $25000m each. As soon as the JEDI established, Enron started to sell energy related stock to JEDI and it grew JEDI by 23% per year on average. It made Skillng`s ECT business bigger and bigger. 6. Consequences for the stakeholders The key stakeholders affected by the collapse of Enron were its employees and retirees. Stakeholders and mutual funds investors lost $ 70billion market value. Banks were also affected by the meltdown of the company. Not only the stakeholder and bondholder lose out, the confidence in the company also fell. This was the major setback for the company. The actions of Enron management left a deep scare for its 4000 employees which lost out their jobs and also impacted others around them. Some blamed Arthur Andersen; Enron’s accounting firm and some blame the board of directors for insufficient oversights. The damage was so big that it was likely to take years for the court to sort the wreckage. The company did not think of its future and took many bad steps just to earn money. The CEO should have looked into the company matters long time ago and took action so that hundreds of jobs could have been saved. The companies who were associated with the big firm were affected on a very large scale. This was the biggest bankruptcy of a firm with $63. 4 billion in assets. 7. Auditors in this scandal, and their role The external auditing body of Enron company was Arthur Anderson LLP, formerly one of the ‘big 5’ accounting firms, providing auditing, tax, and consulting services to large corporations. Andersen definitely Knew Enron Was in Trouble but they overlooked at it and even conspired with Enron to manipulate the financial statements. They knew Enron was in trouble as early as Feb.  2001, a company memo showed, and Andersen debated dropping the collapsed energy firm all together, Reuters reported. Additionally, Andersen knew in mid-August of a senior Enron employee’s concerns about improprieties in the energy company’s accounting practices. Andersen confirmed that a memo dated Feb. 6 recounted a meeting between Andersen executives about whether Andersen should retain the now-bankrupt Enron as a client. Auditors are responsible directly under the law especially the international standards to report directly to the shareholders on the status of the company’s or a bank’s account at a particular point in time. They heavily misconducted as auditors as they received money and hided about Enron`s truth. 8. Ramifications It is not easy to implement rigorous standards without changing Incentives. This situation can be seen in South East Asian countries like: Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, China. Each country can implement its own accounting standards, but did not implement the substantial institutional changes required to make these standards effective. According to various studies conducted in this area, new standards did not result in better-quality financial reporting.9. Conclusion: In search of better standards and ethics The ENRON Scandal is considered to be one of the most notorious within American history; an unofficial blueprint for a case study on White Collar crime. Enron’s behaviour has confirmed that the treatment of off-balance-sheet dodge, American accounting standards are too lax. It is time for another effort to realign the system to function more in shareholders’ interests. Companies need stronger non-executive directors, paid enough to devote proper attention to the job.